Volume 21 Issue 2 2026

Pila globosa is found in freshwater ecosystems such as ponds, streams, rivers, lakes, rice fields, irrigation canals, and wetlands with low salinity. In this study, we aimed to analyze the change in the nutritional levels and histological changes of Pila globosa in changing pH levels. To study the pH tolerance, the snails were exposed to different pH (4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10). At pH 4 and 10, snails showed 100% mortality rate within 24 hours. The snails treated with pH 5, 6, 8, and 9 survived throughout the experiment. These snails were kept in the treated water for about 72 hours (3 days). After that, biochemical and histological studies were performed for nutritional level. The foot and digestive gland were used for histological evaluation. The control group, having pH 7, showed a mean value of 0.133±0.003 gm/gm protein in foot tissue. The snails with pH 5, 6, 8, 9 showed a mean value of 0.122± 0.004, 0.127±0.003, 0.142±0.003 and 0.146±0.003 gm/gm of tissue protein, respectively. The histological analysis of the foot showed the changes in disruption of the epidermis and formation of large vacuoles. And the histological analysis of the digestive gland showed more K corpuscles in pH 5 and pH 9 in comparison with the other two treated groups and the control.

Purpose: This article investigates the accommodation of students with disabilities in ten Ghanaian academic libraries. Drawing from best practices and insights, the study aims to ensure inclusive and equitable access for students with disabilities to promote their full participation and independence in academic libraries. Method: The study adopted a convergent parallel design, and quantitative data were gathered from 261 students with disabilities (hearing, visual, mobile) using questionnaires and interviews conducted with 28 university librarians, heads of disability units, and heads of development officers. The data was analysed and themed using SPSS and Atlas.ti. respectively. The human rights model of disability underpinned the study. Findings: The study revealed that most academic libraries did not meet the needs of students with disabilities because some were not purposely built as libraries. Some libraries had inadequate accessibility provisions/accommodations, inadequate markings and warning signs, navigation challenges, and non-conformance with universal accessibility standards. The study further discovered a lack of disability-friendly washrooms with appropriately installed handrails and other fixtures to accommodate students with disabilities, especially mobile and visually impaired students. Recommendations: Through practical recommendations, the study aims to provide a roadmap for redesigning library spaces and facilities to accommodate and allow students with disabilities to participate. This will enhance equitable access, inclusion, learning opportunities, and the quality of education for students with disabilities.

A key area of machine learning is supervised learning, in which models are trained with labelled data to forecast results. Six popular supervised learning algorithms— Naïve Bayes , Logistic Regression, k-Nearest Neighbours (k-NN), Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are assessed in this paper. The Breast Cancer Wisconsin data collection was utilized to test the models. Objective to get high performance for Support vector machine algorithm. Output was assessed applying accuracy, and results were visualized using combined bar, line, and scatter plots. Random Forest attained the maximum accuracy, while simpler models provided interpretability and fast computation. This study offers insights for algorithm selection in practical applications.

The influence of the concentration and time of action of hydrochloric acid on the chromatographic properties of clinoptilolite was studied. The effect of the degree of dealumination of natural zeolite on the nature of changes in the chromatographic and thermodynamic parameters of the separation of model mixtures containing low-boiling (О2, N2) and oxide gases (СО, СО2, N2O), gaseous alkanes and olefins, vapours of saturated hydrocarbons, which are permanent components or pollutants, is shown. air. The optimal values of the silicate module were found in the range from 9.8 to 15.1, which ensure the maximum chromatographic retention of the components. Developed silver- and copper-containing modifications of natural clinoptilolite for separation of CO-CO2 carbon oxides. The possibility of regulating the output sequence of these components from the chromatographic column by changing the temperature and content of exchangeable cations is shown. On copper modifications of clinoptilolite containing 0.85 % of Сu2+ cations, the effect of low substitutions was revealed, which is manifested by a sharp increase in retained volumes for СО and С2Н4, heats of adsorption, changes in Gibbs potentials.

Centrality measures play a pivotal role in understanding the importance and influence of vertices within a graph. In this paper, we introduce a novel form of centrality measure called the sum neighbourhood degree centrality which is designed to quantify the structural importance of vertices in complex networks. By incorporating both its immediate connectivity and the structural characteristics of its neighbourhood, the proposed measure captures local and relational properties of a vertex more effectively than the existing centrality measures. We formally define the measure, establish its mathematical properties, and compare its behaviour with other measures using analytical results. This centrality is shown to provide improved discrimination among vertices and yields meaningful insights in to various classes of graphs and real-world networks. The main purpose of this paper is to build a theoretical property of sum neighbourhood degree centrality of vertices and sum neighbourhood degree centrality weight of graphs. Keywords: centrality measures; sum neighbourhood degree centrality; sum neighbourhood degree centrality weight.

In this article we analyze the causes of the demographic crisis in Armenia. The primary goal of our study was to analyze the current stage of the demographic transition in Armenia. We drew on the results of demographic studies, official statistics and sociological studies of the migratory and demographic behavior of the Armenian population. We provide a detailed description of the current stage of the demographic transition, as well as the analysis of potential trends and scenarios for overcoming the crisis in the foreseeable future.

Anatolian weavings constitute significant carriers of cultural memory through their rich pattern diversity and sophisticated symbolic language. Among these, eye and amulet motifs are prominently associated with belief-based meanings such as protection against the evil eye, warding off negative forces, and invoking abundance, while simultaneously functioning as key design elements that establish compositional order, rhythm, and visual balance. This study investigates eye and amulet motifs in Anatolian weavings within the framework of protective symbolism, aiming to examine their formal and conceptual implications in art and design. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the study is based on a literature review of carpet, kilim, and flat-woven textile examples, focusing on motif structure, surface organization, color usage, and technical applications. Based on the findings, original surface compositions inspired by these motifs were developed and integrated into contemporary garment design through digital design tools. The results demonstrate that eye and amulet motifs hold considerable potential for sustaining cultural continuity and articulating local identity within contemporary design practices.

Camera trap monitoring systems handle millions of video frames daily. However, traditional object detectors analyze each frame independently and cannot distinguish whether an elephant near a farm boundary is casually wandering or deliberately testing fence integrity. This inability to understand behavioral intent through temporal motion patterns limits deployment of automated early warning systems in human-wildlife conflict zones. We introduce an integrated framework combining YOLOv8 detection with a two-layer LSTM classifier to recognize five ethologically meaningful behavior categories from 1.6 second video windows. The system tracks animals across frames using intersection-over-union matching, constructs 137 dimensional feature vectors fusing bounding box kinematics with appearance embeddings from the detector backbone. Evaluation on 8,500 annotated sequences spanning twelve wildlife species achieves 94.2% behavior classification accuracy and 95.8% detection mAP at IoU 0.5. This represents a 7.6 percentage point improvement over frame-wise convolutional baselines and an 11% reduction in false boundary-approach alerts. Real-time operation at 28 frames per second on NVIDIA Jetson Orin edge hardware demonstrates feasibility for autonomous monitoring stations in remote forest environments with constrained power and connectivity.

Gallbladder polyps are small, typically non-cancerous abnormal tissue growths arising from the inner lining of the gallbladder. They are usually asymptomatic. Ultrasonography (USG) or CT scanning generally confirms the diagnosis and surgery is often recommended. In this study, a 24-year-old female presented with a gallbladder polyp for which she had been advised to undergo surgery. She attended the OPD of NEIAH Hospital, Shillong, seeking homoeopathic treatment to avoid surgery. After thorough case-taking and repertorisation, Nux vomica was prescribed. This case report is presented to document the scope of constitutional homoeopathy in the management of gallbladder polyp.